Whats a Ghostwriter (And How to Become One)

Ghostwrite â€Å"to write (something, such as a book) for someone else using that person’s name† – MerriamWebster.com If Merriam Webster dictionary’s definition of ghostwrite is what you think of when you hear the term ghostwriter, it’s time to re-adjust your thinking. While ghostwriting was once the practice of writing content for another with their name attached to your content, today’s version of ghostwriting is much more inclusive of multiple versions of content creation. Yes, some ghostwriters still craft content for specific authors and allow that author to take credit for the piece. But ghostwriting as an industry is increasingly becoming the practice of on-demand writers crafting content for brands. Ghostwriting as an industry is increasingly becoming the practice of on-demand writers crafting content for brands. Click To Tweet What’s A Ghostwriter A growing number of global companies publish content on their blog, LinkedIn, or Medium under their brand’s moniker. They don’t attribute the content to a specific writer on their staff, but rather attribute the composition to the brand itself. As the popularity of content marketing has continued to explode, there is increasing demand for quality content. With some brands publishing new content on a daily basis (sometimes multiple times per day), keeping up with the demand for fresh, quality content becomes a challenge for digital marketing teams. This is where content creation companies like Constant Content and ghostwriters come in. Offering ghostwriters as a service, Constant Content connects companies in need of high-quality content with pre-vetted writers capable of delivering the written content these brands seek. A common practice in the freelance writing community, ghostwriting serves a business need while connecting freelance writers with savvy brand builders. Should I Become a Ghostwriter? If you are a writer who thinks ghostwriting sounds like an attractive career option, there are a number of essential tips about becoming a ghostwriter you should know. There are numerous benefits of becoming a ghostwriter, but also a few caveats you should be aware of. 1. Cover a Variety of Topics Ghostwriting allows you to explore multiple genres of writing or specialize in areas relevant to your education and background. If you ghostwrite for a service like Constant Content, you might find yourself writing content marketing posts for a social media influencer one day and product descriptions for an e-commerce merchant the next. If ‘variety is the spice of life’ is an adage that resonates with you, ghostwriting for multiple clients might be a perfect way to put your writing skills to work. Conversely, if you prefer to write for a single industry like lawyers, accountants, or financial planners, you have the option of becoming a ghostwriter for a specific industry. Writing for multiple industries might sound more exciting, but you should be advised generalist ghostwriters often earn less per piece of content than niche specialists. 2. It’s a In-Demand Skill Becoming a writer-for-hire is an excellent option if you are a wordsmith with excellent content crafting skills and a nose for research. The intersection of your writing skills with the global need for quality content is the stuff ghostwriting dreams are made of. The intersection of your writing skills with the global need for quality content is the stuff ghostwriting dreams are made of. Click To Tweet 3. It’s Not Just About Books Ghostwriters craft content for everything from company blog posts to landing pages and mobile apps. There are numerous forms of ghostwriting including sales/advertising writing (copywriting), book/e-book writing, white paper writing, case study writing, and technical writing. The sheer depth of possibilities for ghostwriters makes crafting content for others an exciting career option. 4. You Don’t Get a Byline One drawback to becoming a ghostwriter is that you will likely not be credited as the author of content you write. If building your portfolio or building a brand as a published author is important to you, ghostwriting may not be what you are looking for. Some freelance writers negotiate with clients as to the inclusion of their byline, with niche experts charging more for their services if the client wants to include the freelance writer’s byline. It can take longer to build your own brand as a published author if the majority of your content has been written for others. You may have penned thousands/millions of words, but if all your content was written for others, establishing your own identity as a talented wordsmith may take a strategic plan on your part to grow your own brand. If you want a long-term career as a professional ghostwriter, writing in the voice of others is a skill you need to hone. Being able to write like your client would speak brings authenticity to your crafted content to ensure your client’s voice is woven throughout the piece. Writing for executives is commonplace in the ghostwriter-for-hire sector. Busy executives often don’t have time to spend hours crafting a blog post or writing an article for their company’s LinkedIn page. As a ghostwriter, you must be able to capture an executive’s voice and speech mannerisms if you want your finished content to truly represent your client. If you want ghostwriting tips for capturing an executive’s voice, following are 5 essentials you should bear in mind. 5 Tips for Becoming a Strong Ghostwriter 1. Understand the Message Understand the message an executive wants to deliver before you start writing. You can’t possibly capture an executive’s voice and deliver the content they’re seeking if you’re off-target on messaging. Offer clients a standard questionnaire they can respond to with answers you need before you can start ghostwriting, for example, what the target audience and goal of the piece are. Review the executive’s spoken and written words online. Are there videos of them giving a speech at a conference? Do they have a Twitter account where they communicate with their target audience? You must get an idea of how they speak and the phrasing they regularly use if you expect to write in their voice and capture their mannerisms. 3. Do Your Research Research the topic you are writing about on behalf of an executive. Review how the subject matter is discussed on their website or how their sales and marketing team discusses the matter. If an executive wants you to write about a specific topic, there’s a good chance they’re passionate about it and/or want to build a reputation as a knowledgeable expert on the subject. The more you research about their expertise, the better you’ll be able to deliver a stellar piece of content. 4. Conduct an Interview Interview the executive you are writing for. A telephone interview or a video conference call can help you get a sense of their speech preferences. Are there key phrases they repeat during your conversation? Are their sentences short and choppy or long and eloquent? Developing a relationship with an executive is key if you are to appropriately capture their voice. 5. Chat With Colleagues Speaking of relationships, building a connection with those around an executive can be especially helpful to a ghostwriter. Do they have an executive assistant you can communicate with to learn more about the executive you are writing for? Or a PR person who handles their public appearances? Building relationships with those who surround an executive can make your job much easier as a ghostwriter. This is especially true if an editor will be reviewing/tweaking the ghostwritten content you create. You don’t want an editor to remove all the personality you so carefully injected into a ghostwritten piece; develop a relationship with the editor to make sure they understand why you’re using specific phrases and terminology. To Be or Not To Be (A Ghostwriter) If ghostwriting sounds like the writing opportunity you have been looking for, check out the myriad of writing opportunities available via Constant Content. Whether you want to offer your services as a technical writer, an e-book ghostwriter, or even a press release writer, you can do so via the Constant Content platform. Think of Constant Content like ‘Uber for writers’ and you’ll have a better idea of the power of using Constant Content to build your ghostwriting career.

The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and the Lack of U.S. Intervention essays

The Hungarian Uprising of 1956 and the Lack of U.S. Intervention essays The era of the 1950s presented a wave of tension between the United States and the Soviet Union. Yet, the 1956 revolution of Hungary is relatively unknown to the pages of modern history. Unlike the better known nations which fought against their Soviet-friendly governments, Hungary was left to push out their tyrannical regime without global intervention from the United States. Yet, how could the United States let the Hungarians fail in their revolution when they had helped other nations like South Korea from the grip of Communism? The United States should have intervened in the Hungarian uprising, the very fact that they did not is a testament to the concept that the government has never fully executed what it preaches. The Hungarian uprising of 1956 rose very little international uprising considering the deep rooted Soviet-American ties. Yet, other revolutions and causes of tension have brought, such as that seen in South Korea, has brought American assistance without a blink of an eye. Yet, despite UN Commissions asking the Soviets to stay out of the nation, very little was done by the United States to help the Hungarians in their fight against the Soviet Union and its influence. Therefore, the United States failed to uphold its promise to help fight Communism wherever the fight ensued. Despite the bravado which the U.S. Government plastered across media networks all across the globe, the failed to uphold their promise. The students who started the revolution in Hungary had Western inspired ideas of democracy, yet the Western structure of democracy failed them. Instead, the United States failed to help countries which were not economically beneficial to the U.S. ...

!9th Century Europe and Rizal

Rizal and The 19th Century Europe The 19th Century Europe gave rise to different spectacular developments around the world. It was at this period in history when nationalism grew to every abused heart especially the Frenches which gave rise to French revolution. It was at this juncture that Spain had political instability which paved way to the freedom of some of its colonies. The Enlightentment Period has truly enlightened the thoughts of people for this century gave birth to the new direction of thought.Traditional mentality was said to be its first reaction, followed by the advancement of science. Another spectacular development in this era was the dispersion of brilliant thoughts from influential philosophers which made a path for freedom from traditionalism to different countries such as France and USA. True enough, this century is the century of revolution and the Enlightentment Period which served the background of thoughts in the mind of our national hero, Rizal. Rizal as a dedicated citizen who had great hopes to gain independence to our country observed Europe and its whole events including the revolutions inside and outside the continent and its advancement. As an exceptional thinker, Rizal took the opportunity to learn and to understand the conspiracies around him and his observations made him visualize the desire of the oppressed people which he related it to his aggrieved countrymen.He witnessed the cruelties in the 19th Century Europe and saw the hearts of the people on fire. Through these, he valued freedom of thought, equality of men, he inherited nationalism. This period really made tremendous effects to Rizal and to his works such as his famous novels and the Propaganda movement which latter granted our motherland the freedom and independence after his death. Truly, 19th Century Europe served his mind right and he was able to inherit the spirit of this age.

How I Prepare to take a Test Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

How I Prepare to take a Test - Essay Example After that, I compare with my notes and the class textbook contents. In the case of any mistakes or omissions, I rectify and transfer the new content to another blank notebook. Here, I also arrange the content according to topics or subtopics with clearly-labeled headings. In addition, I write personal clues on how to interpret the material alongside the content.Finally, I study actively at least one week before the real test. At this stage, I rely mostly on the major concepts I had written the previous week. Here, I read a number of before doing personal evaluation. Next, I evaluate myself by trying to analyze how much I can remember. I do it by writing brief content, mostly short phrases, which provide me with clues of the required content. Since most tests require the understanding of facts rather than memorization of content, I usually go through revision questions at the end of every chapter. In addition, I go through the test questions that have been done by previous groups of learners.Improving My Test-Taking PreparationsThe major challenge I experience while preparing for a test is time. I start my preparations at least three weeks early. Since it is difficult to master all the content within a short period, the three-week strategy affects my performances on some tests. However, if I start preparing earlier than that, I can improve my performance. In this case, if I focus on mastering the content right after every lesson, I can reduce my workload. In most cases, I skip some content because of limited time.

Assignment (training and development ) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Assignment (training and development ) - Essay Example he human resource management must have an appropriate evaluation design that will give an elaborate indication on the training outcome (Aguinis & Kraiger, 2009). An elaborate data collection design can determine the conclusions made from a training and development program. A collection design compares a trained person to an untrained person or the same individual prior and after the training process. Equally, a trained person can be compared to a set standard of training. When the collection design does not compare a trained person to an untrained person, it forms a non-experimental design. When a trained person is compared to an untrained person in a randomized manner, it is an experimental design. Moreover, when the comparison is made with an untrained person in a non-random manner, it forms the quasi-experiment design (Lou, Duever, & Budman, 2004). Experimental collection design for training evaluation offers the best design to use in the determination of the training outcome. The design offers a stronger link between the training outcome and the learning process. Experimental training design can evaluate that the training process led to a change in behavior. As much as the design may be difficult to implement, it avails accurate information needed for organizational growth (Arthur et al., 2003). Arthur, W., Bennett, W., Edens, P. S., & Bell, S. T. (2003). Effectiveness of training in organizations: a meta-analysis of design and evaluation features. The Journal of Applied Psychology, 88,

Human Movement Essay Example for Free

Human Movement Essay Kinesiology, plainly put is the study of human movement and all aspects to it. It is the science of human movement. It is comprehensive in its outlook in that it looks at being part of the physical activity (the experience), class room study of the theories and concepts that make an activity qualify as physical (scholarly) and the professional practice connected with physical practice (Hoffman, 2009). It looks at the muscles-their make up and how they contribute to human movement, the skeleton-make up and contribution to human movement, and the brain in the same context as the previous two. It makes a practitioner of Kinesiology understand human movement from all angles – the why, what, when and which. Method: Since this study entails all aspects of the human movement, so to does its learning. The use of a high school football team was to allow sight of human movement in real time from a passive position. It brought in play the subjectivity of the human mind in the observational data collection aspect of the research. By its very nature football is a contact sport. It thus presented the research with the best tool to observe the different components that constitute human movement. The preconceived notions of the human mind would be make for interesting reading when tested against the scientific results. Since not all the three different components could be scientifically measured at the same time, the research was focused on the head. This is from the realization that head impacts result in concussions. This is an injury that has the very real possibility of ending ones career but also could end up in death. To best investigate the impact to head injuries, the research used the Head Impact Telemetry System (HITS). This is a wireless monitoring system capable to rapidly identify athletes who have sustained an impact to the helmet that has the potential of being injurious. It is made to produce real-time post impact data and transmit the results to a computer not more than 150 yd (137m) from the helmet via radio waves. When out of range, an onboard storage unit would record up to 100 hits and transmit when back on range. HITS allows for objectivity in the research. For Kinesiology, to qualify as a science, measurement must be precise and consistent. Head impact data was captured when a single accelerometer exceeded the preset 15g threshold. Data from 8 milliseconds pre to 32 milliseconds post impact was transmitted and stored. The dependent variables set were linear acceleration, rotational acceleration, jerk force, impulse and duration of impact. Results: From the data collected in the course of the season (68 sessions-55 practice days, 13 games), it became clear that, there were more impacts during games than during practice. The greatest number of knocks was experienced by defensive line players, offensive linemen, offensive skill players and defensive skill players in descending order. In ascending order, the location of helmet with most frequently hits was the top, side, back and front. Game situations resulted in higher linear acceleration than practice impacts. Top of the helmet hits had the greatest linear acceleration followed by front, back and side. Again, game time impacts caused more rotational acceleration than practice. The line players experienced harder hits than skill players in this category. It was also clear that most forceful hits were as a result of front then back then side and lowest top hit. Looking at head jerk, impact force, impact pulse and duration of the impact, the figures were higher during game times than practice. The offensive line and defensive skill players had an equal occurrence of head jerk but higher than the others. The line players had longer duration of impact, more impact impulse and force of impact than the skill players. Maximum head jerk and impact force was experienced as result of hits at the top followed by the front, back and side. For the duration of impact, the order was the same but in reverse role. Also noted, the harder a player was hit the higher the linear acceleration, maximum jerk, force and impulse. The same was true for a soft hit. Conclusion: From the research, this paper has been able to come to some conclusions as a result of the available data. Some of the conclusions justified the subjective view in the researcher at the beginning of the undertaking while some have resulted in the researchers’ change of perception. It was clear from the data that there were higher linear acceleration collisions in high schools than from statistics available about research done on colleges. This could be as a result of the kids wanting to impress. They clearly may not have and full knowledge of the consequences of their actions. In high schools the chance of a college scholarship, means one could have a greater chance of success in life as a result of the extra academic qualifications one acquired. The higher linear acceleration collisions have a higher concussive chance. This makes the high school football player more at risk as very few have compressive medical covers that would give them the kind of specialized treatment necessary should the worst happen. Schools by the nature of their medical cover can not to provide this. In high school, there were more top helmet impacts than in college. It meant a higher linear acceleration and also impact force magnitude. This was a very dangerous location. It exposed the boys to a higher risk of concussion and severe cervical injury. This could easily mean career ending injury, paralysis or even death. There was need for more effort to be put into coaching. They could help teach the boys proper tackling techniques and make them understand the advantage of keeping the head high and thus avoiding helmet contact. It could be that since the college players are more mature, they do not let blood to run into their heads. They are committed in their tackles and at the same time aware of what the consequences of their actions are if not watched properly. Since the boys in high school were still maturing, they were generally smaller in mass and height as compared to their college equivalent. The more reason why they needed to be taught well. In high school, the most dangerous positions were the Quarterback, running backs and wide receiver in decreasing severity. They had the highest linear acceleration impacts. These could be as a result of them been always in full flight (speed) and in open field. These is unlike their counterparts the offensive line and defensive skill players. These may have the highest number of hits on them but the impact is low. The reason could be because they were always near each other and they do not achieve full acceleration before getting hit. The guys who get hit all the time were line men. These guys were involved in every play in the field. Finally, in high school because of the small pool of players, some ended up playing more than one position. This increased the risk of injury. This research did raise some very pertinent issues. They need to have proper coaching in high schools should go along way in reducing the chances of serious injury in the field. Also, the better knowledge of head injury risks should make for better understanding of how to tackle and care for them should and when they occur. This research has given birth to invaluable knowledge for Kinesiologists.

Addiction to Drugs and Alcohol Essay -- Drugs, Alcohol Essays

There are many affects that drugs and alcohol can have on the body, and on the life of a person. Thousands of jobs, homes, and families are lost annually through the addictions of drugs and alcohol. Children grow up without parents, spouses are forced to raise their children as single parents, and grandparents become legal guardians for a second time, due to the effects of substance abuse and dependence. Exactly how addiction is defined and diagnosed is an on-going issue and one that will be discussed in this paper. While there are eleven different categories that substances are arranged, this paper will be focusing specifically on alcohol and cannabis. An estimated 126 million Americans over the age of 12 reported being ongoing alcohol drinkers in 2005 (Smith & Stevens, 2009). According to the Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS), over 42 thousand homeless adults over the age of 50 were admitted to substance abuse treatment in 2008, and sixty five percent were being treated for alcohol abuse (TEDS, 2010). Excessive alcohol consumption may have been accepted in the beginning of the twentieth century, but currently, a male who consumes more than 14 drinks in a week or more than four drinks day, and a woman who has more than 13 drinks a week 3 drinks on a day, is considered â€Å"at risk† of being an alcoholic (Burge & Schneider, 1999). Cannabis, better known as marijuana, is the most abused illegal drug in America (Smith & Stevens, 2009). It also had the highest level of abuse and dependence in 2005 with over 4.1 million people affected (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2006). Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette, known also as a joint or blunt, and is also used in a pipe or bong. There is a more potent and unpoll... ... Mendelson, J., & Mello, N. (Eds.). (1985). The diagnosis and treatment of alcoholism. New York: McGraw-Hill. National Institute on Drug Abuse, (2006). Marijuana. Bethesda, MD: Author. Retrieved August 11, 2010, from http://drugabuse.gov/infofacts/marijuana.html Smith, R.L. & Stevens, P. (2009). Substance abuse and counseling. Theory and Practice. (4th ed.). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (2007). The Surgeon General's Call to Action to Prevent and Reduce Underage Drinking. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Office of the Surgeon General. Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/HealthyYouth/alcoholdrug/index.htm US Department of Justice (1988). Drug Enforcement Administration, "In the Matter of Marijuana Rescheduling Petition" (Docket #86-22). Retrieved from http://drugwarfacts.org/cms/?q=node/30

Astro Boy

Environmental destruction is an important and persistent theme hon. throughout the film Astrology, mainly expressed through the use of technical codes. A number of scenes have displayed an inner meaning through technical codes, such as the scene where the Surface and Metro City are compared with an extreme longest. In this scene, the viewer can tell that there is a large social divide as Metro city is situated directly above the Surface. The extreme longest used, allows the viewer to see the damage caused by the careless, thoughtless and disrespectful actions of Metro City and Its people.This scene Is essential because It proves that the Surface Is Insignificant and Is considered as a Junk yard through the eyes Metro City. Good versus evil Is one of the mall themes explored throughout the entirety of Astrology, shown by using written codes. One of the few obvious instances was found in the scene where a billboard with candidate Logan on it is knocked over by President Stone. When pre sident Stone knocks over the billboard it shows the he feels the need to be in control, and to be the person with the highest level of power. It also proves that he doesn't want peaceful person (Logan) to be in control of the city.This scene is vital in the feature film Astrology as it shows the personalities of both characters, as well as the role that President Stone plays In the film. The father/son relationship Is a theme that is constantly looked at with the helping hand of symbolic codes. There has been a myriad of symbolic codes used In Astrology, one of the most palpable examples being the hologram scene. In the hologram scene, Toby Is seated as far to the left of car and Dir Team as far to the right as possible, In hologram Oromo. The atmosphere is also extremely tense and almost uncomfortable.This scene is so important because it shows the viewer that Taboo's father prefers to be more involved with his work life, more than his own son's life. It also shows the viewer that Dir Team often leaves the responsibility of his child up to that of a robot and is becoming less and less of a father figure to Toby. Equality and inequality is one of the main themes discussed in the film Astrology, and is displayed through the audio code of dialogue. Dialogue is used to show the viewer that the level of education on the Surface is of such a small amount that Zany can't even read a small and simple sentence.In this scene Azans tells Astor that he cannot read by saying â€Å"almost makes me wish I could read. † This scene is significant because It shows the economic disparity between the Surface and Metro City, as well as proving that the education and future of a ‘Surface kid' Is less Important as Metro City has not done anything to change this situation. In conclusion, film codes are vital in forming the viewer†s o show the damage caused by Metro City's actions, and written codes were used to show that President Stone is dependent on control and power, as well as his sinister nature.Symbolic codes were used to prove that Dir Team, Toby father, does not play a major part in his life as he is not there for him physically and emotionally. Audio codes were used to show the large social divide, and that there is almost no form of education on the Surface.

Pestel Analysis Essay

Australia is the 15th richest nation in per capita terms and is the 6th oldest continuously functioning democracy in the world. Australia has the 14th biggest overall economy in the world and the 9th biggest economy. Australia’s economy is open and innovative. Over the past decade solid productivity gains have been accompanied by low inflation and interest rates. Also Australia has low barriers to trade and investment .Australia foreign and trade policies promote the security and long term prosperity of Australia in a global context. Australia’s economy is highly susceptible to the impact of climate change. In 2008 the Australian Government committed to create an organization called â€Å"Infrastructure Australia† to provide a new national approach to planning ,implementing and funding the nations future. Being a safe, stable and prosperous country Australia is an increasingly attractive hub for international and regional business and business operations. Politic al environment In Australia, it is a liberal-capitalistic democracy. The state keeps interfering substantially in the economy through the use of various roles; for instance the parliament might decide to set up importation taxes aimed to protect the national economy, or it might create environmental protection laws aimed to protect the natural heritage of the country. This affects international business because when taxes keep varying and increasing especially there will be an impact on the economy which in turn will affect the exchange rates and currency rate. According to surveys Australia’s economy continued to gather pace in March as world demand for commodities boosted the nation’s coffers. However due to recent uncertainty from the European debt crisis could lower expectations of economic growth in the future.

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers

Biography of Konrad Zuse, Inventor of Modern Computers Konrad Zuse (June 22, 1910–December 18, 1995) earned the semi-official title of inventor of the modern computer for his series of automatic calculators, which he invented to help with his lengthy engineering calculations. Zuse  modestly dismissed the title, though, praising the inventions of his contemporaries and successors as being equally- if not more- important than his own. Fast Facts: Konrad Zuse Known For: Inventor of the first electronic, fully programmable digital computers, and a programming languageBorn: June 22, 1910 in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, GermanyParents: Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and Maria Crohn ZuseDied: December 18, 1995 in Hà ¼nfeld (near Fulda), GermanySpouse: Gisela Ruth BrandesChildren: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse Early Life Konrad Zuse was born on June 22, 1910, in Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany, and was the second of the two children of the Prussian civil servant and postal officer Emil Wilhelm Albert Zuse and his wife Maria Crohn Zuse. Konrads sister was named Lieselotte. He attended a series of grammar schools and briefly considered a career in art, but he eventually enrolled at the  Technical College (Technischen Hochschule) in Berlin-Charlottenburg, graduating with a degree in civil engineering in 1935. After graduation, he started work as a design engineer at the Henschel Flugzeugwerke (Henschel aircraft factory) in Berlin-Schà ¶nefeld. He resigned a year later after deciding to devote his life entirely to the construction of a computer, work that he pursued relentlessly between 1936 and 1964. The Z1 Calculator   One of the most difficult aspects of performing large calculations with slide rules or mechanical adding machines is keeping track of all the intermediate results and using them in their proper place during the later steps of the calculation. Zuse wanted to overcome that difficulty.  He realized that an automatic calculator would require three basic elements: a control, a memory, and a calculator for the arithmetic. Zuse made a mechanical calculator called the Z1 in 1936. This was the first binary computer. He used it to explore several groundbreaking technologies in calculator development: floating-point arithmetic, high-capacity memory, and modules or relays operating on the yes/no principle.   Electronic, Fully Programmable Digital Computers Zuses ideas were not fully implemented in the Z1  but they succeeded more with each Z prototype. Zuse completed the Z2,  the first fully functioning electro-mechanical computer in 1939,  and the Z3 in 1941. The Z3 used recycled materials donated by fellow university staff and students. It was the worlds first electronic, fully programmable digital computer based on a binary floating-point number and a  switching system. Zuse used old movie film to store his programs and data for the Z3 instead of paper tape or punched cards. Paper was in short supply in Germany during the war. According to The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse by Horst Zuse: In 1941, the Z3 contained almost all the features of a modern computer as defined by John von Neumann and his colleagues in 1946. The only exception was the ability to store the program in the memory together with the data. Konrad Zuse did not implement this feature in the Z3 because his 64-word memory was too small to support this mode of operation. Due to the fact that he wanted to calculate thousands of instructions in a meaningful order, he only used the memory to store values or numbers. The block structure of the Z3 is very similar to a modern computer. The Z3 consisted of separate units, such as a punch tape reader, control unit, floating-point arithmetic unit, and input/output devices.† Marriage and Family In 1945, Zuse married one of his employees, Gisela Ruth Brandes. They had five children: Horst, Klaus Peter, Monika, Hannelore Birgit, and Friedrich Zuse. The First Algorithmic Programming Language Zuse wrote the first algorithmic programming language in 1946. He called it Plankalkà ¼l and used it to program his computers. He wrote the worlds first chess-playing program using Plankalkà ¼l. The Plankalkà ¼l language included arrays and records and used a style of assignment- storing the value of an expression in a variable- in which the new value appears in the right column. An array is a collection of identically typed data items distinguished by their indices or subscripts,† such as  A[i,j,k], in which A is the array name and ​i, j, and k are the indices. Arrays are best when accessed in an unpredictable order. This is in contrast to lists, which are best when accessed sequentially. World War II Zuse was unable to convince the Nazi government to support his work for a computer based on electronic valves. The Germans thought they were close to winning the war and felt no need to support further research. The Z1 through Z3 models were shuttered, along with Zuse Apparatebau, the first computer company that Zuse formed in 1940. Zuse left for Zurich to finish his work on the Z4, which he smuggled from Germany in a military truck by hiding it in stables en route to Switzerland. He completed and installed the Z4 in the Applied Mathematics Division of Zurichs Federal Polytechnical Institute, where it remained in use until 1955.   The Z4 had a mechanical memory with a capacity of 1,024 words and several card readers. Zuse no longer had to use movie film to store programs since  he could now use punch cards. The Z4 had punches and various facilities to enable flexible programming, including address translation and conditional branching.   Zuse moved back to Germany in 1949 to form a second company called Zuse KG for the construction and marketing of his designs. Zuse rebuilt models of the Z3 in 1960 and the Z1 in 1984. Death and Legacy Konrad Zuse died on December 18, 1995, of a heart attack, in Hà ¼nfeld, Germany.  His innovations of fully working programmable calculators and a language to run it have established him as one of the innovators leading to the computing industry. Sources Dalakov, Georgi. Biography of Konrad Zuse. History of Computers.  1999.Zuse, Horst. Konrad Zuse- Biography. Konrad Zuse Homepage.  2013.Zuse, Konrad. The Computer, My Life. Trans. McKenna, Patricia and J. Andrew Ross. Heidelberg, Germany: Springer-Verlag, 1993.

Bayeux Tapestry (Experience-Letter) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Bayeux Tapestry (Experience-Letter) - Essay Example The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the events leading up to and during the Battle of Hastings. It is a tribute to William the Conqueror and his successful invasion of England, which brought about the end of the Anglo-Saxon reign of England and started the claim of the crown by Norman leaders.† (The Bayeux, n. p.)Many colors are used for the creation of this Tapestry. The Bayeux Tapestry tells the story, but its own story remains untold, and if it is told, it lacks veracity. Its origin, the reasons for its origin and its creators are not definitely known. The Tapestry is enmeshed in a web of controversy as for its genesis. Amidst the thick of the battle or immediately after the battle in whose mind such a poetic and artistic idea must have dawned? That individual cannot be a fire-brand, gun wielding general. He could be an art-loving King who has won the battle or a philosopher-historian. â€Å"Bishop Odo was William the Conqueror’s half-brother, and Odo features in the Bayeux Tapestry. As well as being William’s brother, the finished tapestry fits nicely inside the nave of the Bayeux Cathedral, suggesting that the Bayeux Tapestry is designed specifically for Odo and his cathedral. If this is the case, then Bishop Odo would have been responsible for approving the plans, designs and scenes created for the Bayeux Tapestry†. So, religion and politics both play part in the making of this Tapestry. As I move near the Tapestry and study it from the closest angle possible, I feel as if a spokesperson has materialized from it. and he speaks in a low voice that is audible to me only and not to other tourists who have come in a group to see it. That voice says, â€Å"I am a mere wall-hanging, an object of art to the one who views me thus. Only a few realize the historical facts that go in my creation, the battles that it represents, and I think you are one of them. I am part of the pages of human history daubed in bloodshed. My design is mysterious an d my story is appalling. Unless you are serious student of history, a researcher, you will not be able to recognize me. Am I right? Instead of inviting you to identify me, instead of beating about the bush on the preliminaries related to this tapestry, let me introduce myself to you. Lifestyles have changed; the dress codes for the fighting forces have changed. The modern fashion designers will not be able to make the head and tail of our dresses.† The voice continues, â€Å"I am Vital, a vassal of bishop Odo. Army moves and positioning of soldiers is one of the trickiest assignments in the era to which we belong. The moves and countermoves are decided on the basis of day to day reporting by those who are posted in the forward scouting positions. Just as the tapestry designs change in relation to the fashion trends, the moves in war change as per the demand of the strategy, tactics and allied issues prevailing on the decision making time. I, along with two others, am in charg e of supervising the work on the Tapestry. Scouting is important in that era, to know the battle-ready position of the enemy and to plan the counter moves. I am part of the forward scouting positions. So, while creating the Tapestry, I am in a position to give the exact details as to the happenings in the battle front. You are amazed to see the type of dress we the soldiers wear and some of the

CIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

CIS - Essay Example Nevertheless, along with it has come the intriguing question of "how safe is it to share" (Martinelli, 2006) The advent of the Internet has provided some major breakthroughs. Social networking and virtual worlds are gaining in popularity and are opening new avenues for businesses. VoIP and visio-conferences eliminate the limitations businesses encounter due to geographical boundaries largely. These provide opportunities for various business houses to advertise, share information with their collaborators, receive feedbacks on their products, equipping them with the cutting edge technologies needed to grow. Thus, to be successful in this highly competitive global business environment, enterprises increasingly adopt flexible, distributed working practices. The outcomes from virtual collaborations form the fundamental contributions to corporate information and knowledge assets. These assets are used for later analysis of data to provide assistance in decision-making, designing action plans for the management. They also provide critical information regarding corporate strategies, operating principles, client information, and personnel records and so on. It is thus of much importance that these information assets be protected. As better ways to collaborate keep coming up, the risks involved in it also increase manifold. Increased reports of cyber crimes are quite disturbing to the new age collaborator fraternity. According to the Georgia Tech Information Security Center (GTISC) annual report, five major threats have emerged as major concerns. Malware, Botnets, cyber warfare, threats toVoIPand mobiledevices, and the "evolving cyber crime economy". Malwaredevelopment proficiency is rapidly growing, perfectly suited to exploit the weaknesses of poorly configured sites, in particular social networking web sites. Reports indicate an increase up to 10 times of malware object detection in 2008. A Botnet infection may occur even through genuine Web sites. With subtle delivery techniques, users do not have to do much, except loading a Web page, triggering a Botnet infection. Around 10 million bot computers are used to spread spam and malware over the net every day. A major issue of concern is Cyber war. Nations equipped with computer technology uses its power to decline, curb or confuse their enemies' military, economic and infrastructure assets. VoIP traffic, like e-mails, is being targeted for various scams, frauds and thefts. Mobile devicesdraw cyber criminals as they are easy targets and are used frequently for transacting business and provide access to sensitive data. Cyber criminals have become increasingly specialized, controlled and profit-driven costing businesses a fortune. These concerning issues have forced agencies spending a good amount to ensure information security. Researchers believe in a three-pronged approach to meet these threats. Technology, Regulation and Education might be the answer to them. (Martinelli, 2006) Technical security measures fall into three primary categories: Network Security, Host-Application Security and Subscriber Access Security. Message encryption, Firewalls, Prevention of Denial of Service (DoS) attacks, Spam prevention, Access Control, Server Security are examples of various technical policies in place to counter threats. DomainKeys Identified Mail (DKIM) and Sender Policy Framework (SPF) to sign e-mails, along